Abstract Human campylobacteriosis can be transmitted from animals to human either directly or through contaminated food. So, food safety plays a critical role in preventing the prevalence of food-borne diseases. Probiotics microorganisms are considered one of the most promising new strategies in controlling gastrointestinal tract (GIT) infection. In this study, two probiotic strains Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus DSM 20080 and Bifidobacterium bifidum were investigated as anti-Campylobacter agent both in vitro and in vivo. Where they showed elevated antibacterial activity when used as mixed culture with a significant downregulation in the mice intestinal gene expression of IL-1β mRNA and TNF-α mRNA induced by Campylobacter jejuni. Besides, the histopathological investigation of mice intestinal tissue showed great morphological changes in the infected groups with C. jejuni compared with Probiotics treated group that showed healthy intestinal sections with well-defined and enhanced villi. Generally, our findings demonstrate that probiotics have a beneficial and significant effect in the reduction and treatment of destructive effect of C. jejuni on mice gut.

Abstract A novel method to create nanoparticles from freeze- and air-dried mangosteen was developed to study the effects of these particles on the growth and protein formation of various gram-positive bacteria that act as foodborne pathogens. This new method produces freeze- and air-dried mangosteen peel nanoparticles that are prepared by a process based on a wet-milling technique, and these particles were tested on various gram-positive pathogenic bacteria. Our results indicated that the nanoparticles derived from freeze dried mangosteen contained higher antioxidant activity than nanoparticles derived from air-dried peels. The total phenol content in the freeze-dried nanoparticle extract was 1112.646 ± 1.842 (mg gallic acid /g sample), whereas that in the air-dried extract was 479.744 ± 2.564 (mg gallic acid/g sample). The total flavonoids in the mangosteen freeze-dried nanoparticle extract were 14.154 ± 0.119 (mg catechin/g sample), whereas levels in the air-dried extract were 4.711 ± 0.207 (mg catechin/g sample). The levels of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) were 95.707 ± 0.070 and 94.303 ± 0.074% for freeze- and air-dried mangosteen nanoparticle extracts, respectively. Similar levels were obtained for 2,4,6-tri (2-pyridyl)-s-triazine (ABTS), and these were 42.753 ± 0.200 and 16.069 ± 0.424 (g trolox/g sample) for freeze- and air-dried mangosteen nanoparticle extracts, respectively. Levels of ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) were 17.806 ± 0.056 and 6.696 ± 0.085 (g trolox/g sample) for freeze- and air-dried mangosteen nanoparticle extracts, respectively. Whole protein bands from various bacteria disappeared on SDS-polyacrylamide gels when bacteria were cultured in medium containing both freeze- and air-dried mangosteen nanoparticles.